12/31 week16

Stigmata (singular stigma) is a term used by members of the Christian faith to describe body marks, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ, such as the hands, wrists, and feet causing extreme pain and torrid affect of humiliation. An individual bearing the wounds of Stigmata is referred to as a Stigmatist.

The term originates from the line at the end of Saint Paul's Letter to the Galatians where he says, "I bear on my body the marks of Jesus." Stigmata is the plural of the Greek word στίγμα stigma, meaning a mark, tattoo, or brand such as might have been used for identification of an animal or slave.

Saint Francis of Assisi contemplating the wounds of stigmata as part of the Imitation of Christ.

St. Francis of Assisi is the first recorded stigmatic in Christian history. In 1224, two years before his death, he embarked on a journey to Mount La Verna for a forty-day fast. One morning near the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, a six-winged angel allegedly appeared to Francis while he prayed. As the angel approached, Francis could see that the angel was crucified. He was humbled by the sight, and his heart was filled with elation joined by pain and suffering. When the angel departed, Francis was purportedly left with wounds in his hands, feet, and side as if caused by the same lance that pierced Christ’s side. The image of nails immediately appeared in his hands and feet, and the wound in his side often seeped blood. In traditional artistic depictions of the incident, Francis is accompanied by a Franciscan brother.

St. Francis of Assisi

Saint Peter (Greek: Πέτρος Petros, Syriac/Aramaic: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, Shemayon Keppa, Hebrew: שמעון בר יונה‎ Shim'on Bar Yona, Latin: Petrus; died c. 64 AD), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simōn, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Church. The Roman Catholic Church considers him to be the first Pope, ordained by Jesus in the "Rock of My Church" dialogue in Matthew 16:18. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a major saint and associate him with founding the Church of Antioch and later the Church in Rome, but differ about the authority of his various successors in present-day Christianity.

Saint Peter

Pope Francis (Latin: Franciscus; Italian: Francesco; Spanish: Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and Sovereign of the Vatican City. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technologist and nightclub bouncer before beginning seminary studies. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969 and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentina's provincial superior of the Society of Jesus. He was accused of handing two priests to the National Reorganization Process during the Dirty War, but the lawsuit was ultimately dismissed. He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.

Pope Francis

cardi-: heart

cardinal(adj.) \ˈkärd-nəl, ˈkär-də-\

basic or most important

My cardinal rule is to always be honest.

cardiogram(n.)\ˈkär-dē-ə-ˌgram\

the curve or tracing made by a cardiograph

cardiovascular(adj.) \-ˈvas-kyə-lər\

causing the heart to beat faster and harder for a period of time

di-: twice :  twofold :  double 

diversity(n.) \də-ˈvər-sə-tē, dī-\

the quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc.

The school aims for diversity in its student population.

divorce(n.) \də-ˈvȯrs also dī-\

the ending of a marriage by a legal process

Their marriage ended in divorce.

divide(v.) \də-ˈvīd\

to separate (something) into two or more parts or pieces

The equator divides the Earth into two hemispheres.

different(adj.) \ˈdi-fərnt, ˈdi-f(ə-)rənt\

 not of the same kind : partly or totally unlike

We need to try an entirely different approach.

VoiceTube

Anti-inflammatory or antiinflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system.

hypo-: under : beneath : down

hypoblast(n.) \ˈhī-pə-ˌblast\

the endoderm of an embryo

hypodermic(adj.)

used for putting fluids into or taking fluids out of the body by going under the skin

hyper-: above : beyond

hypermarket(n.) \ˈhī-pər-ˌmär-kət\

a very large supermarket

莎莎推薦好書 Building Vocabulary for college

referendum(n.) \ˌre-fə-ˈren-dəm\

 an event in which the people of a county, state, etc., vote for or against a law that deals with a specific issue : a public vote on a particular issue

The issue was decided by referendum.

memorandum(n.) \ˌme-mə-ˈran-dəm\

a usually brief written message or report from one person or department in a company or organization to another

I'm waiting for the memorandum that will explain the new vacation policy.

A cripple is a person/organism or animal with a physical disability, particularly one who is unable to walk because of an injury or illness. The word was recorded as early as 950 AD, and derives from the Proto-Germanic krupilaz. The German and Dutch words Krüppel and kreupel are cognates.

By the 1970s, the word generally came to be regarded as pejorative when used for people with disabilities. Cripple is also a transitive verb, meaning "cause a disability or inability".

Drawing of a crippled man.

Whac-A-Mole is a popular arcade redemption game invented in 1976 by Aaron Fechter of Creative Engineering, Inc..

In Japan, もぐら退治 (mogura taiji, "Mole Buster") is a popular arcade game invented in 1975 by Kazuo Yamada of TOGO, based on ten of the designer's pencil sketches from 1974, licensed to Bandai in 1977. ) It can also be commonly found at Japanese festivals.

A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important issue. It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences towards a false conclusion. A red herring might be intentionally used, such as in mystery fiction or as part of rhetorical strategies (e.g. in politics), or it could be inadvertently used during argumentation.

12/24 week15

Christmas songs

Deck the Hall

Dean Martin- Let it snow

conceive(v.) \kən-ˈsēv\

 to think of or create (something) in the mind

When the writer conceived this role, he had a specific actor in mind to play the part.

receive(v.) \ri-ˈsēv\

 to get or be given (something)

I received a letter from her yesterday.

Thomas Anthony Dooley III (January 17, 1927 – January 18, 1961) was an American who, while serving as a physician in the United States Navy and afterwards, became famous for his humanitarian and anti-communist political activities in South East Asia and the United States until his early death from cancer. He authored three popular books that described his activities in Vietnam and Laos: Deliver Us From Evil, The Edge of Tomorrow, and The Night They Burned the Mountain.

Thomas Anthony Dooley III

The Immaculate Conception, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, was the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the womb of her mother, Saint Anne, free from original sin by virtue of the foreseen merits of her son Jesus Christ. The Catholic Church teaches that Mary was conceived by normal biological means, but God acted upon her soul (keeping her "immaculate") at the time of her conception.

Immaculate Conception of Mary

12/17 week14 請假

請假

12/10 week13

receipt(n.) \ri-ˈsēt\

 a piece of paper on which the things that you buy or the services that you pay for are listed with the total amount paid and the prices for each

Keep your receipt in case you need to return anything.

column(n.) \ˈkä-ləm also ˈkäl-yəm\

any one of two or more sections of print that appear next to each other on a page and are separated by a blank space or a line

The article takes up three columns.

espouse(v.) \is-ˈpau̇z also -ˈpau̇s\

to express support for (a cause, belief, etc.)

The new theory has been espoused by many leading physicists.

military(n.) \ˈmi-lə-ˌter-ē\

members of the armed forces : military people

There were many military present but only a few civilians.

farewell to arms

A Farewell to Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway set during the Italian campaign of World War I. The book, published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant ("Tenente") in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The title is taken from a poem by 16th-century English dramatist George Peele.

A Farewell to Arms is about a love affair between the expatriate American Henry and Catherine Barkley against the backdrop of the First World War, cynical soldiers, fighting and the displacement of populations.

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.

Hemingway in uniform in Milan, 1918. He drove ambulances for two months until he was wounded.

No man is an island-John Donne

No man is an island,

Entire of itself,

Every man is a piece of the continent,

A part of the main.

If a clod be washed away by the sea,

Europe is the less.

As well as if a promontory were.

As well as if a manor of thy friend's

Or of thine own were:

Any man's death diminishes me,

Because I am involved in mankind,

And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls;

It tolls for thee.

protest(n.) \ˈprō-ˌtest\

 something said or done that shows disagreement with or disapproval of something

He heard protests from the crowd.

protestant(n.) \ˈprä-təs-tənt, 2 is also prə-ˈtes-\

a member of one of the Christian churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century

W.A.S.P. is an American heavy metal band formed in 1982 by Blackie Lawless, who is the last remaining original member of the band. They emerged from the same Los Angeles scene that spawned Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Dokken, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Guns N' Roses and others. The band's popularity peaked in the 1980s, yet they continue to record and tour, making them one of the most enduring of the West Coast heavy metal bands. W.A.S.P. gained notoriety for their shock rock themed image, lyrics and live performances. They have sold over 12 million copies of their albums.

W.A.S.P. performing live in Stavanger, Norway, in 2006.

A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant. This means that wasps are paraphyletic with respect to bees and ants, and that all three groups are descended from a common ancestor; the Apocrita form a clade.

The most commonly known wasps such as yellow jackets and hornets are in the family Vespidae and are eusocial, living together in a nest with an egg-laying queen and non-reproducing workers.

A social wasp, Vespula germanica

-er, -or, -ist, -ian, -ant = suffix for people’s

protestant(n.) \ˈprä-təs-tənt,  is also prə-ˈtes-\

a member of one of the Christian churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century

contestant(n.) \kən-ˈtes-tənt also ˈkän-ˌ\

a person who takes part in a contest

The contestant who catches the most fish wins.

applicant(n.) \ˈa-pli-kənt\

 someone who formally asks for something (such as a job or admission to a college) : someone who applies for something

We interviewed 30 qualified applicants for the job.

flight attendant(n.)

a person whose job is to help passengers who are traveling in an airplane

accountant(n.) \ə-ˈkau̇n-tənt\

someone whose job is to keep the financial records of a business or person

lawyer(n.) \ˈlȯ-yər, ˈlȯi-ər\

a person whose job is to guide and assist people in matters relating to the law

furrier(n.) \ˈfər-ē-ər, ˈfə-rē-\

a person who sells or makes fur clothing

police officer(n.)

a person whose job is to enforce laws, investigate crimes, and make arrests : a member of the police

teacher(n.) \ˈtē-chər\

a person whose job is to teach students about certain subjects

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, also referred to as the Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Orthodoxy, is the second largest Christian Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents.

The Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, teaching that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles, and practicing what it understands to be the original faith passed down from the Apostles.

A juvenile court (or young offender's court) is a tribunal having special authority to pass judgments for crimes that are committed by children or adolescents who have not attained the age of majority. In most modern legal systems, children and adolescents who commit a crime are treated differently from legal adults that have committed the same crime.

Edgar Allan Poe (/poʊ/; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. Widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

The Fountain of Youth is a spring that supposedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks or bathes in its waters. Tales of such a fountain have been recounted across the world for thousands of years, appearing in writings by Herodotus (5th century BCE), the Alexander romance (3rd century CE), and the stories of Prester John (early Crusades, 11th/12th centuries CE). Stories of similar waters were also evidently prominent among the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean during the Age of Exploration (early 16th century), who spoke of the restorative powers of the water in the mythical land of Bimini.

The Fountain of Youth, 1546 painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder.

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas. It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise. Harrison Ford reprises the title role and Sean Connery plays Indiana's father, Henry Jones, Sr. Other cast members featured include Alison Doody, Denholm Elliott, Julian Glover, River Phoenix, and John Rhys-Davies. In the film, set largely in 1938, Indiana searches for his father, a Holy Grail scholar, who has been kidnapped by Nazis.

Abraham Lincoln /ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.

Lincoln in 1863, aged 54

Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar]; 13 July 100 BC  – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman statesman, general and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.

The Tusculum portrait, perhaps the only surviving statue created during Caesar's lifetime.

Caesarian section, also commonly known as C-section and other spellings, is a surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. A Caesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby's or mother's life or health at risk. Some are also performed upon request without a medical reason to do so. The World Health Organization recommends that they should be done based only on medical need.

A team performing a Caesarean section.

The first Novel

What child is this

It’s the most wonderful time of the year

To celebrate Jesus' birthday, the wise men brought gifts of gold, incense, and myrrh. 

Gold: It is easy to see why gold is an appropriate gift for Jesus Christ. Gold is the metal of kings. When gold was presented to Jesus, it acknowledged his right to rule. The wise men knew Jesus was the King of kings.

Incense: Incense was also a significant gift. It was used in the temple worship. It was mixed with the oil that was used to anoint the priests of Israel. It was part of the meal offerings that were offerings of thanksgiving and praise to God. In presenting this gift the wise men pointed to Christ as our great High Priest, the one whose whole life was acceptable and well pleasing to his Father.

Myrrh: Myrrh was used for embalming. By any human measure it would be odd, if not offensive, to present to the infant Christ a spice used for embalming. But it was not offensive in this case, nor was it odd. It was a gift of faith. We do not know precisely what the wise men may have known or guessed about Christ’s ministry, but we do know that the Old Testament again and again foretold his suffering.

 gold,  myrrh, and incense

Merry-go-round

A carousel (American English: from French carrousel and Italian carosello), roundabout (British English), or merry-go-round, is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating circular platform with seats for riders. The "seats" are traditionally in the form of rows of wooden horses or other animals mounted on posts, many of which are moved up and down by gearwork to simulate galloping, to the accompaniment of looped circus music.[citation needed] This leads to one of the alternative names in American English, the galloper. Other popular names are jumper, horseabout and flying horses.

French old-fashioned style carousel with stairs in La Rochelle.

The Tower of Babel (/ˈbæbəl/ or /ˈbeɪbəl/; Hebrew: מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל‎, Migddal Bāḇēl) is an etiological myth in the Book of Genesis of the Tanakh (also referred to as the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament) meant to explain the origin of different languages. According to the story, a united humanity of the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar (Hebrew: שנער‎). There they agreed to build a city and tower; seeing this, God confounded their speech so that they could no longer understand each other and scattered them around the world.

The Tower of Babel